PietyEast Asia Tradition and the Practice of Filial Piety essays

PietyEast Asia Tradition and the Practice of Filial Piety essays East Asia Tradition and the Practice of Filial Piety According to Confucius, In serving his parents, a filial son reveres them in daily life; he makes them happy while he nourishes them; he takes anxious care of them in sickness; he shows great sorrow over their death; and he sacrifices to them with solemnity. The practice of filial piety has and has had direct consequences for a persons psychological, social, and economic well being in East Asia. According to Chinese tradition, the practice of filial piety was the primary duty of all-Chinese. Being a filial son or daughter came with a lot of family rules and traditions. Complete obedience to their parents during their lifetime and as they grow older, taking the best possible care of them. The practice of filial piety could bring honor and prestige to a community, an unfilial act could bring dishonor and shared punishment. Failure to live up to local standards of filial piety can result in damage to ones own self-image, loss of reputation in the community, and loss of ones inher itance. Refusal to fulfill obligations of filial piety made one suspect in the eyes of other Chinese. Filial piety is a social value, which has greatly influenced the parent care and parent-child relationship of East Asian peoples. Among the paths to filial piety in everyday life is maintaining a multi-generational large household, and one of the most important. Living with your family after marriage was big in East Asia. To break up ones family would be unfilial and social disapproval. When you got married the women would move in with their husbands families. Men practiced filial piety by maintaining the unity of the parental household, while women practiced it by helping their husbands fulfill their filial duties and as their everyday duties as daughters-in-law. Daily household chores in complex households were tedious and never-ending work, requiring ar...

Hmong History essays

Hmong History essays The Hmong are an ethnic group from china. The Hmong loved freedom and flexibility. They normally lived in isolation from the rest of ancient civilization. The Hmong were known then as Meo or Maeo. The Hmong never accept this name because of its bad connotation. It wasnt until the 20th Century that we finally were called Hmong (). The Homing were thought to have originated from Central China. The Hmong were in constant with the Chinese throughout history. When they were attacked their property was seized; the Hmong were forced to move into the mountain and stage guerrilla tactics to fight back. In the middle of 1800s the Hmong were defeated, thousands died (). Most of them were enslaved and drove away from their homeland. The survivors were forces to change their identity and most of them escape to the South. Some of the lucky ones ended up in Southeast Asia, while other went to Laos and Vietnam. In the early 1960s, the Hmong formed an auto defenses dchoc (ADC) guerrilla under the direction of the Royal Laotian government. The ADC was later trained, direction and supported by the United State. The Hmong fought under the direction of the Central Intelligence Agency to protect USAF radar site in Phou Ph Thi in Sam Neu Province and to cut off the Ho Chi Minh Trail, a Vietcong supply route that cut through central Laos (). Hmong villagers were recruited into the secret war. We protected our homeland from the Communists and protect American interests in the region. Once the American troops pulled out of South Vietnam so did the support from the CIA. The Hmong were accepting the peace treaty that put the Communist in control of Laos (). The Hmong were betrayed for their roles in the war. Many had to flee their villages into the jungles. Some of those lucky ones escape to Thailand. Those who were trapped in the jungles of Laos continued to hide and fight for their freedom. Even no w, there ar...

Life review paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life review paper - Essay Example This made him be highly esteemed by the public and his relations due to his advanced age. He is loved by the members of his family and receives plenty of attention from them. During his childhood, he gained the first experience of death; his father passed on when he was still young. This resulted in his mother being the lone breadwinner, who struggled to fend for him along with his kin. Despite this, he still regards his childhood as a happy one. The interviewee was in a lasting marriage of 56 years and has been living as a widower, since his wife’s demise 17 years ago. Then interviewee owned a farm and cultivated corn. This became his sole career throughout his life. He, however, is not conversant with what hobby he participates in, but is an avid saver and always comes up with methods of saving cash. He practices the catholic religion and is a believer of the Christian doctrines, he accepts as true that God and heaven exist. This is palpable in the actuality that he has faith that he will join up with his spouse in heaven (Birkeland et al. 2009). As the article highlights, the elderly people are faced with several constraints, mostly physical, as they find themselves unable to cope with other activities. However, although such physical constraints put limits on the elderly level of activity, it highlights that they managed to perform other activities, which were not physically demanding for their strength. It shows from the study conducted that the elderly people who suffered from chronic diseases and injuries managed to adapt to the situation by accepting their status and conditions. In the conversation with the researcher, the interviewee also admitted having accepted his situation as an elderly and further ascertained of his illness. He believes that aging is part of being human and explains that, although it is sad to be incapacitated, to do things that one loved doing, and depend on others to do them, it is part of life  and his destiny

Debt Crisis in the Euro-zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Debt Crisis in the Euro-zone - Essay Example Nations such as Greece, Ireland and Portugal, who are currently way deep recession, meet the definition of a full-blown economic depression (Schuman, 2011). The depreciation of the euro relative to the home currency will make Euro-zone exports cheaper in global markets; this as a result would increase the competitive pressure in the home country. At the same time, it was observed in the last quarter of 2011, manufacturing industry weakened from China to Europe and euro region’s debt crisis is expected to darken the outlook of the global economy. Before going any further, it would be interesting to understand why it is necessary and helpful for countries to borrow and then to accumulate debt. Foreign borrowing is seen by governments as an addition to domestic saving, this borrowing helps in connecting to an investment saving gap and thus this leads to gain quicker growth, this is usually considered as final and vital economic goal for any country. The Mundell-Fleming model amal gamates the foreign finance and trade into a macro-economic theory. The theory came into evolution in the early 1960s and was introduced by the great Canadian Economist and the winner of 1999 Nobel Price Award, Robert Mundell. He was also heavily helped and facilitated by the British economist, J. Marcus Fleming. During the time period when this theory came into existence, both these economists were a part of the research team within the famous International Monetary Fund. While carrying out their research towards the Mundell-Fleming model, they enhanced the conventional Keynesian model in to such an open economy system whereby the capital and the goods market were internationally incorporated (Hailu et al, 2011). The Mundell-Fleming model is of the view that under a flexible exchange rate management system, the fiscal policy has almost none or little effect over the final yield or output whilst the monetary system is hugely valuable. This situation shows an entire mirror image when a fixed exchange rate is adopted i.e. the fiscal policy becomes effective rather than the monetary policy. The hypothesis that international money markets are completely amalgamated plays an important role in formulating these results. One of the major suppositions that the Mundell-Fleming model makes is that the economy under consideration is an open economy whereby the financial capital has an ideal mobility. The Mundell-Fleming model and the traditional IS-LM model are similar to each other when expressing the market for goods and services. One of the differences is that the Mundell-Fleming model includes a fresh terminology for net exports; this can be portrayed with the following equation: Y = C(Y -T) + I (r) + G + NX (E) Whereby; Y= The aggregate/cumulative income C= Consumption, I= Investment G= Government purchases (Y – T)= Disposable Income r = Interest rate NX = Net Exports E= Exchange Rate According to this equation, the total aggregate income of any country is th e totting up of all these different factors. The consumption factor within the equation is positively dependent upon the disposable income whilst the investments and the net exports are negatively dependent upon the real interest and exchange rates respectively (Serrano et al, n.d.). The Mundell-Fleming model provides an understanding that clearly helps in analysing the consequences of adopting

A brief look in the world of serial killers Essay Example for Free

A brief look in the world of serial killers Essay Often people get confused between a serial killer and a mass murderer. A mass murderer is a person who kills several people, all at once or within a short period of time. A serial killer on the other hand is one who kills several people over a long period of time, sometimes spanning several years. Technically, a serial killer is someone who kills at least three people with a break or free period between the killings. A mass murderer may have victims who cannot be generalized to fit into any category, as these victims are generally those who happen to be present at the time of the incident. However, the serial killers select their victims according to some preferred type or class, like sex, age, looks etc. Generally serial killings occur for sexual gratification, but there are also cases where victims have been selected with the sole intent of killing. Just like any other criminals, serial killers can also be profiled. The FBI has developed a Behavioral Science Service Unit in 1978 at Quantico, Virginia to study and establish profiles of serial killer suspects. The profiles attempt to predict the age, race, sex, and habits etc. of the serial killers. Although all serial killers wont fit a same profile, most killers can be characterized by a general profile. The general profile of a serial killer suggests they are mostly white males of 25 to 35 years of age, and have a similar type of victims (CCMC, 2007). These killers are thought to have an above or average intelligence, suffered child abuse or have had a troubled childhood and have little or no social attachments. Serial killers are also thought to return to the scene of killings or burials and keep body parts of their victims as souvenirs. Playing with fire, bed-wetting and cruelty to animals are some important childhood traits of a serial killer. Serial killers are generally associated with a pattern, because of which they are ultimately tracked down by the police. Such patterns may include either their method of killing, location, motive or the profile of victims. Serial killers have existed for several centuries. Four types of serial killers are (Holmes and De Burger, 1988) a) The Visionary type who believe that they are guided to kill by an inner voice or vision. b) The mission oriented type who believe they have to eliminate a particular group or class of people from the society. c) The hedonistic type of killers who get pleasure from the killings they carry out. d) The control or power driven type who derive sexual satisfaction by controlling their victims. In addition to this the FBI has identified two more categories of serial killers namely the organized type of serial killers and the disorganized type of serial killers. The organized killer is intelligent, socially acceptable, uses restraints and targets strangers. These organized killers are likely to hide the victim’s body, leaving little or no evidence; they keep a track of the developments in crime through the media, while anticipating questioning by the police (David, 2001). The disorganized killers on the other hand are socially withdrawn, generally know their victims and kill instantly without planning. These disorganized killers do not follow crime on the media, despite leaving evidence on the crime scene The serial killer John Wayne Gacy Jr. was a big businessman, liked and admired by many. He frequently hosted parties for friends and neighbors, dressing up as a clown. He also entertained children at local hospitals, and associated himself with groups like Jaycees, working for the improvement of the community. Everyone knew him as a devoted, hard-working man dedicated to he cause of friends and family. However Gacy had another side, a very dark unknown side, and when that side became known, he was known as the ‘clown who killed’. John Wayne Gacy Jr. was born as the second child and the first son to a Chicago’s Irish couple in 1942. His older sister Joanne was about two years older to him, while his younger sister Karen was two years junior to him. The three children attended catholic schools. Gacy, like any other boys of his age, took up part time jobs and scouting activities while at school. He worked as a bag boy and a clerk in a grocery store. Gacy’s childhood was absolutely normal except for his relationship with his father. He had a very deep relationship with his mother and sisters. The senior Gacy was an abusive alcoholic, who beat his wife and verbally abused his children (Bell and Bardsley). Although his father was not a pleasant man, young Gacy loved his father and wanted to get close to him. He longed for his father’s affection and love, but never got it. All his teachers, friends, and co-workers liked him very much and he was indeed popular. When Gacy was eleven, he was hit in the head by a swing while playing, which caused a blood clot in his brain. This blood clot was only discovered at the age of sixteen. Between eleven and sixteen, he suffered several blackouts as a consequence of his blockage. At seventeen, he was found to have a heart ailment, for which he was hospitalized several times. However, he suffered no major health problems due to this. After attending several schools and not being able to graduate, he dropped out from school and left for Las Vegas. He worked as a part time janitor in a mortuary, with which he wasn’t satisfied and again left for Chicago. He joined a business college and learnt the skills of a good salesman. A mature salesman, capable of handling all sales situations, he joined as a management trainee with a shoe company in Chicago. Thanks to his excellent performance on the job, he was soon promoted and transferred to take over the men’s apparel outlet in Springfield, Illinois. Gacy married and relocated and to Waterloo, Iowa in 1966 when his wealthy father-in-law asked him to manage the family’s chicken restaurant. Gacy’s first encounter with the law was in 1968 when he was arrested for homosexual acts and sodomy. He was arrested on felony charge of forcing a male employee to join in homosexual acts. Gacy who was by then a father of two infants, pled guilty to the charges and was sentenced to ten years in prison. His wife filed for divorce and parted ways. After 18 months, he got parole and went back to Chicago where he started his own construction business and married a recently divorced woman. In 1971, he was charged with the attempted rape of a man, but was freed of the charges when the victim did not turn up to press the charges. A shrewd businessman, he beat his rivals by hiring very young school age like employees, to cut costs. His second wife too divorced him in 1976 when she realized his passion for homosexual magazines. His minor role in party politics even got him photographed shaking hands with the wife of President Jimmy Carter. It was in December 12, 1978 when the police required to have a closer look at Gacy and his background. A teenaged boy working with a pharmacy had gone missing and Gacy was the last person seen with him. His background check revealed that he had spent time for sodomy. During a search of his house they found a ring belonging to another teenager who disappeared a year back. When investigators got to the sprawl space beneath his home, they sensed a foul smell, which they initially attributed to sewage. They then left his house and called him again for interrogation the next day. Since they had nothing incriminating, they let Gacy go. However Gacy was under 24 hour surveillance. Further investigation and lab work on the items confiscated, gave critical evidence on Gacy. Realizing the importance of the developments, investigators obtained a second search warrant to search Gacy’s home. Among the items confiscated at his home, there was a box containing marijuana and rolling papers, seven erotic movies, nitrate and valium pills, a stained rug, a pair of handcuffs with key, a eighteen inch rubber dildo and nylon ropes. Knowing that his dark game was over, Gacy confessed to the police that he had killed about 33 men, all young over the last seven years. He showed the locations to 28 graves under his house and garage. He also revealed that he had dumped five others into the river. He confessed that he had his first victim in January 1972, second one in January 1974. He revealed that he would lure his victims with the promise of marijuana, drinks or employment. He would then play with them and trick them into getting handcuffed and then sexually assault them. He would stuff an underwear or socks into their mouths to muffle their screams. He killed them by pulling a rope or board across their throats while he raped them.

The Jamaican Hero Essay -- Biography, Bob Marley

He is an iconic figure and an inspiration to millions of people around the world. His name is Bob Marley. Marley had a profound impact on the world’s culture that still has a lasting impression today. His music inspired people everywhere to maintain a sense of calmness, and enticed the Jamaican people to keep peace during the country’s tough political and economic times. Marley also inspired many of the future reggae musicians, and his legacy still stands to this day. His songs become well-known for its messages of universal love and Biblical prophecies, and inspired people across the world to spread the message of peace and harmony. Bob Marley was a charismatic leader, who used the power of music and his religion to influence and change his country and eventually the world. He had a lasting impact on the world that still exists today. No doubt, â€Å"One of the most important and charismatic champions of human freedoms in the 1970s, Marley emerged from humble beginnings and an early life of austere poverty in Jamaica to bring reggae music to international popularity† (King 4). Marley suffered from a very tough childhood, as the country he was born and raised in was in political and economic torment at the time, and suffered from the harsh rule of Great Britain. Marley’s mixed ancestry embodied his homelands tormented colonial past. Until 1962, the country of Jamaica had been ruled by Great Britain, whose original founders had driven the Spanish from the island in 1655 (Dolan 19-20). Marley grew up in these harsh conditions, but he managed to get through them. â€Å"Marley possessed qualities that seemed to help him through the harsh conditions. Very small, and generally soft-spoken, he managed to exude an aura that deterred people from m... ...to unite a nation in tough, impoverished times, in an attempt to unite the unstable nation of Jamaica, and later, future countries that endured the same economic, political, and social difficulties. Marley helped a troubled nation bind together during tough political times, simply with the power of music and his religion of Rastafarianism. He brought the issues to light, where other countries and people could observe the troubles of this little island country called Jamaica. Marley was raised in a very unforgiving country, and in a way, raised himself. With little money and family help, with friends, and with the message of love and peace, Marley rose above all these troubles to eventually become a legend that cannot be duplicated. Bob Marley is the definition of charismatic, and his impact on the world during and after his life will not ever be reproduced again.

Age and Youth by William Shakespeare Essay

The poem â€Å"age and youth†, by William Shakespeare (born April 26th 1564 ? died April 23rd 1616) is one of his profound poems which was published in 1588. It is apart of a collection of numerous poems in â€Å"The Passionate Pilgrim†, ? Age and Youth being numeral XII. These various poems centre on the ideas of the early and late stages in life. More notably however his one sided perception on the two topics. â€Å"Youth† is cast as being the more favourable and several lines throughout the poem display this bias. â€Å"Youth is hot and bold, age is weak and cold†. â€Å"Youth like summer brave, age like winter bare† In fact the whole poem centers around the aforementioned topic (youth) being the more beautiful and aesthetically pleasing than barren and cold â€Å"old age†. Shakespeare’s themes in this particular poem are not unlike many of the others in â€Å"The passionate pilgrim†, the set of poems from which â€Å"age and youth† originates, with conventional themes such as love and beauty and the related motifs of time and mutability. Being a â€Å"continuation† of the previous poems in â€Å"The Passionate Pilgrim† it connects with his theme of addressing love and praise not to a woman but instead to a young man full of youth and vitality. â€Å"Venus, with young Adonis sitting by her Under a myrtle shade, began to woo him† The passionate pilgrim XI â€Å"My better angel is a man right fair† The passionate pilgrim II However â€Å"youth and age† is focused primarily on the topics previously stated (youth and age) but with respect to the young man in the previous poems of â€Å"The Passionate Pilgrim†. In effect the young man is immortalised by the poem thereby defying the destructiveness of time. This is one of the reasons behind this poem, to show how time destroys youth and beauty. â€Å"Youth is full of sport, age’s breath is short†. A number of poetic devices such as the juxtaposition of two complete opposites, the repetition of themes, the explicit imagery, metaphoric language and similes, just to name a few, have been used to convey these themes. â€Å"Youth like summer morne, age like winter weather†. A good example of the juxtaposition of age and youth as summer and winter, used intentionally to create an imagery of youth as being fertile, full of life and pleasant (as we would picture summer) and age being cold, dark and associated with death. Shakespeare has used this as though he is describing the lifecycle from birth (summer, youth) to death (winter, old age). In addition similes have been used as another technique showing the similarities between summer and youth and old age and winter. â€Å"Youth is nimble, age is lame†. Once again shows the simplicity of the poem and the theme Shakespeare is conveying to the reader. Metaphoric language is used here to define youth and age, it gives it an almost human quality as though youth and age can be imagined as two different people (i. e. personification). It is a very effective way of providing imagery for the reader. Other lines follow a similar pattern, â€Å"Youth is full of sport, age’s breath is short† again showing the vitality of youth and the frailty and finality of old age. The use of hyperbole as a technique is evident throughout the poem. Most of the lines have some form of hyperbole by using to greatly exaggerated extremes. â€Å"hot and cold†, â€Å"wild and tame,† â€Å"summer and winter,† â€Å"age and youth cannot live together†. All of these quotes exaggerate the characteristics of both age and youth and are important so there are no ambiguities between the two. They are as opposite as â€Å"hot and cold†. The use of masculine rhyme is present in the poem however it is not consistent throughout the whole poem. â€Å"Youth is full of sport, Ages breath is short, Youth is nimble, Age is lame Youth is hot and bold, Age is weake and cold. Youth is wild, and Age I s tame. † The repetition of youth and age gives it flowing rhythm and therefore rhyme is not necessary. Alliteration is used sparingly and not a strong technique in the poem. It is only used as a play on words, to humorously emphasise the initial consonants of the lines being read. â€Å"Age, I do abhor thee; youth, I do adore thee†. It is uplifting and gives the mood a somewhat flavour due to the alliteration being used. In brief the most focal and constant theme in the poem is the unwillingness to become old and the negative aspects of old age. â€Å"Age, I do abhor thee; youth, I do adore thee†. Youth is so vibrant and lively, a stark comparison to old age, an idea which Shakespeare stubbornly holds on to. â€Å"Age, I do defy thee: O, sweet shepherd, hie thee†. The melancholic mood of the poem expresses Shakespeare’s thoughtful sadness on growing old and the inevitability life and death. The poetic techniques effectively contrast how wonderful youth is and how lackluster and bleak we become as we get older. â€Å"Youth† is consistently depicted as being that of a young person with â€Å"age† being that of an old â€Å"lame† nearly dying man,† ages breath is short†.

Mayans Customs & Traditions

The Mayans believed that the world was full of spirits and ghost, that every creation had an unseen power. A mountain can hold a deity and a rock a spirit, much like animism. It is to their belief that ghosts come out at night and spirits roam the jungle. To get in touch with the supernatural, such as the jaguar spirit or other transformations, the shaman (a priest who uses magic for certain purposes) would use hallucinogenic plants found in the jungle with a doobie.Mayans believed that some certain of their ancestors were reborn as gods. According to the Spanish, Mayans could date back their ancestry hundreds of years ago in detail. Rituals would be performed to their ancestors to gain favour and support. When a member of the family died, they would be buried in simple graves under their houses and the wealthy ones would be buried in tombs along with their belongings such as jewellery, pottery and food.According to Mayan beliefs, it is common for them to have ancestor worships, espe cially to the royals as they believe that they have re-joined the gods. They also believed that the gods had spilled their own blood to form human flesh. Mayan blood sacrifices were a ritual of returning blood to the gods. One way they did this was by ripping hearts out of the human sacrifice, mainly high- ranking war prisoners, and leaving it there for the gods or by pushing them down a cliff.They used human sacrifice because it was believed that human blood made the gods stronger. Yet, another custom was practiced which was self-torture, where they would pierce a body part and run a thread through to let the blood run down it. Sometimes, the Mayans would have dances and dressed up in clothing and masks resembling their gods. The dances were made to ensure the success crops throughout the year. Prior to marriage, Mayan families would use an atanzahab, or matchmaker to examine the couple’s horoscope to avoid future conflicts.Typically, the bride’s family would be given compensation for their daughter and the groom would have to work for the bride’s father for a period of time. The couple would meet for the first time at their wedding ceremony and would not speak to each other until they were married. One major game Mayans would play was a ball game where they had to hit a ball through a ring vertically. They would be rewarded with fine jewellery if they won or be tied up and sent to the high priest to be decapitated then rolled down the long steps to the plaza’s floor below. Thank you.

buy custom Well Control Practices essay

buy custom Well Control Practices essay a) Good well planning practices benefit the organization in many ways. First, it is an excellent way of organizing the personnel and contractors in the event of a major control problem. If necessary, effective training is also specified in the control plan .The personnel are trained to be prepared for any emergency at any time. In addition, time and money are saved in the event of control problems. Poor planning is the major cause of well kicks. Mud and casing programs play a major role in well control, and failure to plan for them effectively may result in kicks and consequently cause adverse effects. In addition to specifying personnel and their responsibilities, well control planning practices specify the materials, equipment and services to apply and time of their application. The control plan describes methods to be used for handling gas and oil kicks in high pressure. Planning is also essential in the provision of an additional casing string in the case of a kick. b) The company control policy help in determining safety factors, such as burst, compression, tension and collapse considerations that are necessary for both the safety plan and well control practices. The policy also defines the tools to be used by the responsible personnel for each and every service. It defines the kind of action to be taken in the event of a kick (e.g. closing the well) to ensure safety. For instance, whether or not to use seamed pipes is a decision that is derived from the companys policy. Personnel responsibility is essential for controlling the well, since everyone is answerable for an activity and emergency events. If the company's policy dictates that, a manager with no direct responsibility is expected to act on his own initiative. The policy will also dictate the presence, quality and maintenance of BOP. In addition, it governs the criteria for identifying potential problems, which is essential for the minimization of damage. It also provides directions on the active mud system monitoring, such as flow check, mud loss avoidance and actions on occurrences, closure of watertight intensities, and evacuation plan in case of emergency, which are important elements of well control. The policies underscore potential dangers of a blowout in the event of its occurrence. Proper policy is needed to avoid well control problems, as they lead to gas dissolving in the mud system. c) The downhole stress is a major concern during the killing operations. It is essential in the prevention of the occurrences of ta downhole fracture. The knowledge of a downhole fracture helps optimize the trajectory. Neglecting the effects of downhole stress in killing may lead to swab and surge effects that are costly and time consuming. The swab effects lead to significant losses of mud and well control in the long and short term d) Well killing methods include oil and gas well control. They are applied immediately after the well has been shut in on a kick. Generally, the killing procedures work under the principle of circulating any form of fluid in a wellbore during a kick, as well as a reasonable Kill Mud Weight (KMW) without letting more fluid in. Well killing procedures are discussed in detail in the next paragraphs. The wait and weight control method, also known as the balanced method, is the most common method applied in killing procedures. It is applied for controlling an influx taken while drilling or circulating on the bottom, i.e. when the casing shoe is set deep in the well. It is advantageous over the other methods due to being faster and imposing lower pressure and less wear . The drillers method is another common method used when the string volume is greater than the open hole volume, thus leading to the influx being inside the casing before heavy mud reaches the open hole. This method immediately removes the dangers of gas expansion, while weighing the mud can take several hours. It involves circulating the influx out and then dislocating the well to kill mud density and balance the shut in the drill pipe pressure. The circular and weight method, also known as the concurrent method, is applied for killing well pressure when circulation is initiated instantaneously, and mud weight is brought up in steps, or augmentations, normally a point at a time. Used for the first circulation, it is the most complicated and unpredictable method lasting for three hours. It imposes high pressure on annulus, and there is no guarantee of the consistency of mixed mud weight. The low choke method involves the opening of the choke, holding casing pressure at MACP, and starting pump at a drilling rate, while adding barite at plus or minus sacks of barite per minute. It is applied when shut-in casing pressure is near the MACP on the preliminary shut-in, or rather when shut-in casing pressure is going to surpass the posted MACP and gas at the surface. The volumetric method is deployed when regular kill procedures are impossible from the bottom of the hole. This could be a result of a drill string being out of the hole and meaningless string pressure. Or if an effective kill circulation method is impossible due to a drill string being washed out or twisted off, or its nozzles plugged. The lubricate and bleed method is applied when gas is at the surface after using the volumetric method. Mud is pumped into the void space in the wellbore occupied by the gas to displace it. The reverse circulation, bullheading and dynamic killing method is another killing method. The reverse circulation method is used for workovers not used for drilling. It has the advantage of applying lower casing pressure and smaller cumulative pit gains, as well as being faster compared with convectional killing methods. The bullheading method is used during workovers and completion operations. e) The fluid flowing from the well caused by a kick is controlled by using blowout preventers. There are various types of BOP stacks, eg. multiple blowout preventers. Understanding which well control actions and methods to employ determines the type of equipment to be used. Selecting appopriate equipment is essential in well control. It is also important to take into consideration such factors as maximum anticipated surface pressure, connection and operating lines, and well depth. Selecting wrong equipment could lead to leakages, high costs, and loss of life, caused by neglect of health, safety and environmental issues. The costs issue will often arise from either replacing misused equipment or overusing tools for rarely performed tasks. The latter will lead to disparities in the operations and could cause even more damage to the well. The selection of the equipment to use should not be done in haste. Appropriate analysis and designs are to be made, and if possible, prototypical simulations are to be carried out to figure out what the results could be. Well control problems may lead to adverse effects, and therefore, appropriate equipment should be used to prevent such emergencies as kicks. Failures lead to unexpected formation of fluids or gas rigs. However, equipment can be damaged due to neglect of such factors as corrosiveness and strength In addition to the above inconveniences, failure to select the right equipment may lead to low production. and eventually lead to the closure of the company. The equipment should, therefore, include kick monitoring, drilling and other well control tools. f) Accumulator performance tests are done on the surface after installation of the BOP. The tests check for the vulnerability of the BOP stack, as well as compliance of the accumulator with the requirements of closing all the BOP stacks and opening hydraulic valves. Therefore, the checks are needed to ensure efficiency of the blow-out prevention technique and operation of the BOP at the correct pressures. The HSE considerations As companies and organizations tend to embark on high production practices, there is a need to focus on the health, safety and environmental issues as well. Emergencies that occur in the wells include fires, destruction of marine and animal life, workers' injury and death, and environmental degradation. These could be due to poor management of staff, facilities and other manageable HSE issues. Every staff member and residents of the surrounding wells should be informed of the HSE issues to prevent their occurrence. The HSE considerations in the oil and gas well sites will be discussed in detail in the next paragraphs. Health considerations have a primary importance in well control practices. Personal protective equipment can only protect against eventualities but can never prevent an accident from taking place. However, it can help one escape with minor injuries, and this explains its importance. Managers, therefore, have the responsibility of letting the staff know which protective equipment to use and making the equipment accessible at all the times. Managers should also give directions on what to do when accidents occur. There should be a plan that defines each accident and appropriate actions. Priority should also be given to safety. This mostly applies to cases involving accidents that have already occurred or accidents about to occur. The management should provide fire training programs to equip the staff with appropriate techniques to be used in the event of fire. The fire prevention instructions should be well-understood by individuals. Appropriate warnings and safety signs showing escape routes and actions to be taken should be placed in poorly lit areas. International standards on the use of color in messages may be necessary for designing visual aids. There is also a need to ensure safety during spillages and gas emissions. It is worth pointing out that gas emissions are as dangerous as fires. There should be protection personnel to inform the staff and help with protection practices, such as fire fighting, handling oil spillages and gas rigs. Lastly, consideration should be given to the environmental issues, such as the effects of well operations on the surrounding atmosphere, water and soil. Other matters of concern include wasteful materials, chemicals, energy and transport. As far as wasteful materials are concerned, there should be a given amount of disposable waste. This means that reusable materials should be recycled. Wasteful materials should be dumped on the allocated sites and appropriate actions taken regarding safeguarding the dump sites to avoid detrimental effects on the environment. Oil spillages and gas emissions can cause suffocation and fires and result in the deaths of animals, plants, marine and human life. The HSE provides that the chemicals used in the productive activities are to pose minimal danger to the environment. The companies should be able to account for every emission resulting from production activities and use of raw materials. To deal effectively with such matters, most companies have HSE staff which is responsible for policy implementation and enforcement. Energy issues concern both production emissions and energy generating technologies. Appropriate technologies should be deployed to avoid misuse of environmental factors. The method used should also have a minimum effect on the environment. Energy-saving policies, such as dim light on a bright day and when premises are empty, should also be put in place. Transport issues involve the movement of products, staff, and raw materials to their destinations. The transport used should avoid overloading and spilling, which may cause asphyxia, or even fires. Faulty vehicles and transport systems, including pipelines,, should be diagnosed and maintained appropriately. Question No. Two a) Equipment Properties Drilling Jar This is an effective tool for releasing a stuck drill pipe. It derives its energy from the applied forced by either tension or compression. This energy is stored in the drill string into which the drilling jar swiftly releases the energy when tripped. The maain features of the jar include hydrostatical balance; hence it is not affected by hydrostatic pressure and is fully sealed for a long service life. It also maximizes at the bottom time, thus there is no wait time for the jar to bleed when applying pressure. It is not affected by torque and may be used in high friction or directional holes, a feature known as linear latch. Fewer body connections reduce potential connection failures. The jar has a safety nut to minimize potential finishing jobs by preventing parts from being left in the hole in case of accidental breaks. The backup jarring feature enables the tool to continue functioning in the event of a hydraulic delay. Finally, the separate spline, latch and hydraulic chambers p revent contamination of fluid in the hydraulic chamber. In addition to these features, the jar is less restricted to placement in the BHA, and the hydraulic delay timing remains relatively constant, even after prolonged jarring. Reamers A reamer is a multi-fluted tool. Its cutting action takes place only on the conical flutes at the front of the reamer. Made of high-speed steel for optimum strength, a reamer has a simple design. Its flutes cut a raw material in a hole to be reamed, and their cutting edge and face are similar to most cutting tools. Because a reamer requires no safety clamps, it can be used in elevated temperatures. There is a starting taper for guiding a reamer; and the flutes design allows it to maintain continuous cutting action even during more difficult jobs. Stabilizers Stabilizers are designed to stabilize the drilling string. Their features include a one-piece mandrel design, which is simple and strong; long fishing and bottom neck to provide plenty of tong space and room for rectus; 17 1/2 and smaller sleeves; annular flow area is maximized to guarantee adequate circulation; they are hard-faced with crushed tungsten carbide. This feature is purposed to minimize wearing and keep rebuild costs down. The integral blades are used to centralize the bottom hole assembly during drilling operations. They prevent the differential sticking of the drill string by stabilizing the BHA and keeping drill collars and drill pipes away from the borehole wall. This action reduces vibration, drill pipe whirl and wellbore tortuousity. The Shock Sub The shock sub is the most useful tool when drilling broken formations, hard rock and/or hard and soft streaks. It is designed for maximum protection, reliability and durability. There are two kinds of shock subs, namely the mechanical and hydraulic. Shock subs help prolong drill string life and reduce its fatigue through elimination of drill bounce. Their main features include optimized spring rate and better absorption over dynamic range. They also reduce bit bounce and prolong bit life, ensure improved penetration rates, and help achieve neutral effect on the BHA directional attitude. Shock subs reduce premature failures of bottom-hole assembly that result from shock and vibration loads. They also ensure that smooth drilling force is delivered to the drill even in the most inconvenient conditions. Vibration Dampeners Vibration dampeners work by converting kinetic energy of the moving parts into thermal energy, thereby reducing hard stops and large oscillation amplitudes. They are able to symmetrically distribute force in both tension and compression directions. Such models ensure dampening even if the movements are reversed. The integration piston forces the tension and compression directions and can be set independently from each other. Therefore, the construction elements can be installed in any orientation depending on the type. All the above make vibration dampeners perform their primary function of absorbing string vibration. b) Basic Components of the Coiled Tubing Used in Underbalanced Drilling The use of the coiled tubing in underbalanced drilling ensures limited lost circulation, air drilling in competent crystalline rocks, depleted reservoirs and impairment prevention during drilling. The components of the coiled tubing will be discussed in detail in the next paragraphs. The coiled tubing string transmits drilling fluids and torque to the drill bit and enables other well interventions. The Coiled Tubing (CT) injector head provides the power and traction required for running and retrieving the CT string into and out of the wellbore. The CT reel has the principal function of safely storing and protecting the CT string. This helps avoid excessive damage to the string through bending or any other mechanical damage. It includes swivel assembly that permits fluid to be pumped through the tubing string, as the reel drum rotates. The CT power pack provides hydraulic power to operate the CT unit, as well as primary and secondary pressure systems. Moreover, it includes an accumulator facility to tolerate limited operations of pressure control apparatus caused by engine shutdown. The check valves are attached to the CT connector at the end of the CT string. Their role is to prevent the flow of wellbore fluids into the CT. The CT cleanouts are used to clean debris and/or other forms of boreholes. This is mostly done with a wash nozzle, a connector, and a double check valve. The existence of the chock line and kill line in the CT ensures that killing can be done. The hydraulic-controlled remote valve on the chock line is essential for well control. It is shut when a kick is encountered. The CT connector allows for the connection of the bottom hole assembly to the end of the CT. It also helps transfer torque and tensile to the bottom hole assembly. The goose neck is used as a medium for high-pressure drilling fluid s. In addition to the above, the crane and substructure are needed for lifting, moving and placing of other equipment. They also provide stability to the wellhead. The annulus in the CT also stops the excess drilling from accumulating in the annulus cuts, thus preventing the possibility of pipe sticking. Buy custom Well Control Practices essay

A Strategic Plan for Launching BMW 3 Series in USA and UK - Smart Custom Writing Samples

A Strategic Plan for Launching BMW 3 Series in USA and UK - Smart Custom Writing Ford VS ToyotaThe current paper deals with the question of productive flow and product quality of the two biggest and the most famous car producers in the world, Ford and Toyota and in what way improvements in productive flow and product quality lead to an increase in sales and profit of the companies. Both of them are worldwide famous manufacturers of the cars of different sizes and modifications. The main principles of the company are constant quality that is supplied by permanent quality control and improvement of the product line (Hales 2001, p.23). Toyota has been a foremost supplier of pioneering lift trucks for over 40 years already. According to latest data, the company has sold  Ã‚   over 1 million cars to thousands of pleased customers in over 200 countries all over the world. It gained extreme popularity in every country. In every stage of the company’s operation there is a complete devotion to quality and constant improvement of the product flow, as the experts working in the company realize that there two factors can lead to the direct increasing of sales and result in the augmented profits. The dedication to the quality has led to the company’s popularity and recognition all over the world. Toyota is 100% devoted to delivering brilliance from product expansion to after sales service. Product quality and productive flow were put in place from the st art at the Toyota Industrial Equipment Manufacturing capability in Columbus, Indiana. Improvement of a product quality authorize the employees of Toyota company to make quality their first priority and demonstrate devotion of the company commitment to quality in every stage of the production process. Needless to say, that product quality is essential for every company as it is a pledge of successful future. The latest researches of the Toyota activity, conducted in 2009 demonstrated that the company has implemented the innovative techniques for the product quality assurance.   By the quality-improvement program, the company will use the so-called go and see for yourself method to reinforce the ability to carry out technological investigations for every case of supposed malfunction of the product and to follow through with correct actions.   First, in the territory of United States, the company tried to be able to carry out on-site examinations within 24 hours of reported inciden ts by modification its information-gathering capabilities. In addition, the engineers of the company will conduct direct Customer Quality Engineering activities. Moreover, the company is planning to open technical offices in some U.S. towns that will hand out to reinforce the consumer service functions of Toyota local sales companies. Toyota Company is planning to undertake related initiatives in other regions of the world, increasing the functions of its technical offices and opening new ones as essential to maintain a solid, local reply in each region (Liker 2004, p. 24). These innovations in the sphere of quality control that the company managed to carry out during the last five years of its existence in the market have resulted in the increasing of sales and general profit of the company. It is understood that people need qualitative first class products. This is possible to achieve due to the constant improvement and quality control of the manufactured products. The company wil l equip its vehicles with an extended range of functionality for finding out the problems automatically and for recording the mistakes electronically, as well as conducting other tasks. This functionality will be very useful in quickly evaluating technological problems and in punctually taking counteractive measures. The next important issue under consideration of the company Toyota is the productive flaw .The managerial of the company understands that in order to preserve the positions in the market and provide the consumers with the permanent inventions and new products, it should maintain its production flow to avoid the stagnation of the manufacturing (Naughton, Takayama and Sparks 2005, p. 27).   The company tries to keep the production flow active. It leads to constant updating of the company’s model range. As a result, keeping to the stable productive flow and introducing of the productive quality measures lead to the increase of sales and profits of the company, mak ing its production one of the most popular and demanded all over the world. The managerial of Toyota is sure that the more inventory, product quality control and productive flaw they have on hand, the longer their product lead time and the easier it will be for the company to react to the unexpected change in the marketplace. Considering the balance sheet of the company for 2009, it has 18 to 20 % of increased sales and is now the second foremost carmaker in the whole world. The margins of the company are approximately 17%. One of Toyota's main philosophies is the idea of constant improving both in production flaw and in quality of the products (Migliorato 2004, p.40). Employees at company Toyota production facilities are always encouraged to present new suggestions to improve their processes, modernize operations and then demonstrate devotion to the overall quality of its products. Another company under consideration is Ford Corporation. Probably, it is very difficult to find a person who does not know anything about this company. It has quite a long history making it world famous car manufacturer after Toyota and Crysler. Ford has production facilities in 22 countries on five continents in the world; it possesses 87 plants in North America and 41 in Europe. In 1995, in Europe, Ford's joint vehicle market share, at 12.2%, was the highest for the period of eleven years, with three of the eight best-selling vehicles. In 1995, Ford introduced as one of the leading and most popular vehicles in the country. It was one of the five vehicle producers (Banham 2002, p. 45). The company is not organized by geographic regions, and now it is realigned by product range, with five Vehicle Centers, every center is responsible for one group of products all over the world. The Company Ford, unlike Toyota, tries to spend as little time as possible for the development of new produ cts, thus making the process of production flow very quick. Ford is reducing the time needed for development of new vehicle from 48 to 24 months and reducing engines, transmissions, and essential car platforms by 30% all over the world. The company hopes that pooling worldwide skills and resources will lead to more variations on every car platform, increasing the number of cars introduced during the next five years by 50%. It is the essence of the permanent productive flaw of the company. Ford has introduced a variety of new initiatives all over the world, with joint ventures for the assembly of cars in such countries as China, India, Thailand and Vietnam. In China, Ford tries to launch the production of light trucks with a name of a company Jiangling Motors. In India, Mahindra Ford India Ltd. will start producing and distributing of Ford products, starting with the Ford Escort, in mid-1996 and Fiesta in 1998.   Thailand is known as country where Ford has a joint venture to manufa cture pick-up trucks (Ford 2004, p. 56).   Having the subsidiaries in different countries, the company tries to develop its productive flow. The more countries are engaged in the business of vehicles production of the company, the more vivid and permanent the productive flaw is. Needless to say, that such strategy leads to the increase of company’s sales and profits consequently. Probably, this is one of the key reasons of the company’s popularity and success in the market. One more important strategy for the company’s development is production quality and constant quality control. The managerial of the company pays particular attention to the control and testing of the manufactured vehicles. That is why, before entering to the market, the cars are properly tested. Ford is known by its qualified and secure products and such fame is possible to gain only due to constant and reliable job over the problem of product quality. Therefore, it explains high revenues o f the company and increasing of its sales and profits. Company makes huge investments in the development of new ways of quality control and improvement of the quality of produced vehicles. It is understood that in the competitive market of vehicle production quality is essential factor, presupposing company’s success. Managerial of the company should pay attention to these factors to be aware of the latest news in the market and develop the strategies that are necessary for company to be effective. References Banham, R. 2002, The Ford Century: Ford Motor Company and the Innovations that Shaped the World. New York: Artisan, p.43-46Ford, H., 2004, My Life and Work, London: Public Domain Books, p. 50-60Hales C. 2001, Managing Through Organization. 2nd ed. London: Thomson Learning Press   Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 2010, p1-1, 1p Liker, J. 2004, The Toyota Way. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 22-25 Naughton, C., Takayama, H. and Sparks, D. Toyota Triumph. Newsweek (Atlantic Edition), 2005, Vol. 145 Issue 19, p44-49, 6p Migliorato,P. Toyota Retools Japan, Business 2.0, 2004, Vol. 5 Issue 7, p39-41, 3p

Written reflective commentary on group work Assignment

Written reflective commentary on group work - Assignment Example Body I would say this assignment has strengthened my communication abilities within a group setting such as this. It becomes very important when you are working as part of a team to be able to effectively and clearly communicate what it is that you need the other person to understand. Information exchange concerning who will be doing what and devising a schedule and determining who will lead the group are key periods when your communication ability becomes evident. Our group chose to meet weekly to discuss and update each other on what is going on with our part of the task. We had four meetings that the group was able to attend and the final meeting we had to change plans and meet at my flat due to the library being full. We did not have any issues with group members being present and on time. Our group did not find it necessary to have a group leader as we all did our own parts and took equal initiative. Eaxh group member completed their part successfully. We also used email to corr espond and exchanged telephone numbers. Flexibility and patience are elements of a successful group task, both of which I was able to use within the group. I was able to use flexibility when the library was closed. Because my group was on task it wasn’t necessary that I had a great deal of patience.... In dealing with members not contributing there is no reason for me to get angry as I know that I cannot influence the contribution of another. It is best in this case to contact them several times after which if they are still not contributing then let the instructor know and be certain that I have completed my own part to the group task. We did not have any issues with attendance or anyone being tardy for any meetings on the group work. Interpersonal abilities and skills are the main skills one needs to work within a group setting in completing a task. Usually before doing a group presentation you will want to find out who your audience will be. Finding out what they already know about your subject, what their attitude is and what their interest level is in your topic can help you make a more successful presentation. Knowing the size of the audience and what type of people are in is will also help. Are these business members of the community? Are they students? Are they being forced through go to your presentation for job reasons? Are they truly there on their own because they have a deep interest in what you have to say? We also would like a way to receive feedback after we’ve done our presentation/ power point and in this case we will get from the instructor. In forming groups there are different steps and stages to make a successful group that can communicate effectively together. Forming the group is when we are all assigned the group and initially noticing who else is in our group. Storming is when the ground rules get set, roles are clarified, purposes and responsibilities of each individual decided. Norming is when the

Rent Control is Out of Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rent Control is Out of Control - Essay Example Rent control has had the opposite effect of its original intention, to provide affordable housing. Rent control should be abolished in cities where rent control exists, and politicians should be proactive and lift controls with an eye on the economics involved and a deaf ear to the activist hysteria. Rent control results in higher prices for available housing by reducing the supply. Landlords are offered little incentive to build new units that will fall under price control. Tenants have no incentive to move from a low rent situation. Elderly parents whose children have moved away may continue to live in a 4 bedroom unit to maintain the current rental rate long after the space is needed. As the supply shrinks, would-be renters turn to the shadow rental market. This market, which may account for as much as 30 percent of the available housing market, exists outside the rent control laws due to special exemptions or the government's desire to maintain a relief valve for excess demand. However, due to the short supply and high demand, these units may be priced several times higher than the market value. Housing quality also suffers under rent control. Landlords faced with limited rental income are reluctant to make improvements or even do minimum repairs.